Freud's psychoanalytic theory
Introduction
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was the first person to propound the psychoanalytic method of personality. Sigmund Freud propounded this method after seeing people constantly struggling to control their biological instincts -
Structure of personality
according to Freud's psychoanalytic theory -
1 - Dynamic aspect of personality -
According to Freud - This is that aspect in which personality is an agent through which the conflicts arising in the basic instincts are resolved. Freud has divided it into 3 parts.
1 - Id - This is the uncivilized part of the mind in which internal instincts, basic instincts, desires are contained. These are directed by the pleasure instinct and are free from the bondage of civilized demands and controls. In simple words, 'Id is the animal within us. It is uncivilized uncontrolled instincts. (Id is the beast in us, the savage, uninhibited urges.) It has the following characteristics-
1 - Id is unconscious in nature. And it has no direct relation with reality.
2 - It is beyond the idea of morality or immorality because it has no social values or ethics. It knows no law.
3 - It is irrational.
4 - It is influenced by the pleasure principle.
5 - All suppressed desires, emotions and thoughts are contained in it.
6 It is the reservoir of sexual tendencies.
2 - Ego - It is that part of the mind which is in contact with the outside world on one side and is in contact with the id on the other side. It tries to keep thoughts, decisions, interpretations and behavior practical and efficient according to real life. It acts with intelligence to control, select and decide which desires of the id are to be fulfilled and how. Thus it is the adjuster between the desires of the id and the demands of reality. It knows the consequences of its own action and when able, establishes a balance between the environment and the organism. It has the following characteristics -
1- It is logical in nature.
2 - Ego is both conscious and unconscious.
3 - It goes into a state of sleep but controls dreams.
3 - Super ego - Super ego is that part of the mind which is called conscience. Its primary duty is to make us behave like civilized human beings. Its main features are -
1 - It is a symbol of social and morality.
2 - It controls the ego.
3 - Its less part is in the conscious as compared to the ego.
4 - It is the moral critic. Which maintains the feeling of unconscious guilt in the ego.
It is considered equal to conscience. Thus, the super ego is the moral aspect of a person's personality.
B) Spatial morphological aspect of personality -
1 - Conscious -
By conscious, Freud means that part of the mind which is related to immediate information. It is made up of all those thoughts, feelings and perceptions. Which can be remembered immediately without much effort. In the waking state, the thinking person represents the conscious area of the mind.
2 - Subconscious -
It includes all those experiences which are not immediately conscious. But naturally or with a little effort or by association of thoughts, they can be brought to knowledge immediately.
3 - Unconscious -
Unconscious is that part about which a person is not aware and it is that part of the mind in which all the forgotten things are contained and which under normal circumstances can be brought back to consciousness by will. It is the store house of many unsatisfied desires and tendencies. Freud believes that an important part of human personality is located in the unconscious region of a person. The following reasons were given for this -
1 - Dreams prove the existence of unconscious.
2 - Sudden recollection.
3 - Thoughts expressed after losing consciousness.
4 - Words spoken by mistake and mistakes in writing.
5 Solution of problems during sleep.
Conclusion -
According to Freud, the dynamic structure of personality is made up of three main systems - Id, Ego and Super Ego. Which determines the personality.
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